Statistics Bureau and Statistics Center (Japan)

This agency is in charge of collection and disseminating Japanese statistical data. On this page they offer the following categories; All contain at least recent data and descriptions:

Population Census (two types; done every 5 years)

Current Population Estimates

Labour Force Survey

Consumer Price Index

Family Income and Expenditure Survey

Monthly Statistics (See details below)

Statistical Yearbook (See details below)

Statistical Handbook

Particularly noteworthy is "Monthly Statistics," which has the following sections each month:

Climate

Population and Households

Labour and Wages

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Mining, Manufacturing and Construction

Transport

Domestic Trade

Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments

Business Operation

Banking and Finance

Public Finance

Prices

Family Income and Expenditure

National Accounts

Social Security, Health and Medical Care, and Culture

International Statistics

Also, the "Statistical Handbook" has a substantial amount of data; its chapters and appendices include

Land and Climate

Population

The Economy

Currency and Finance

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

Manufacturing and Construction

Energy

Science and Technology/Information and Communication

Transport

Commerce and Services

Trade, International Balance of Payments, and International Cooperation

Labor

Household Finances and Prices

The Quality of Life

Social Security, Health Care, and Public Hygiene

Education and Culture

Government System and Public Finance

Main Economic Indicators of Selected Countries

Foreign Exchange Rates

Conversion Factors

All the information is in English, and there are many tables in Excel (.xls) format.

http://www.stat.go.jp/english/index.htm